標籤: 面膜代工

摘錄自2019年4月7日蘋果日報報導

在國外屬保育類的綠鬣（音同列）蜥，近日卻遭網友斬頭、切塊料理成菜餚，引發網路熱議。農委會林務局昨（6日）指，過去因民眾帶綠鬣蜥入台灣，導致牠破壞本土物種，林務局已將其從保育類移除，民眾若煮食，沒有法令規章可開罰，但不建議作為料理，因綠鬣蜥的體內寄生蟲多，沒有必要冒健康風險。

林務局副局長楊宏志說，綠鬣蜥在國外屬保育類，以前林務局也曾將其列為保育類，但因綠鬣蜥在台灣大量繁衍、造成危害，已影響台灣本土動植物生存，如爭奪棲地，經與學者專家討論後，認定此為入侵種，保護牠沒有意義，於是在2014年公告綠鬣蜥非屬保育類。綠鬣蜥是草食性動物，會危害農作物，且會在土堤鑽洞，影響水利安全。 

楊宏志表示，綠鬣蜥多半會出現在臭水溝、墳地上，衛生條件有疑慮，所以林務局不鼓勵民眾吃，畢竟綠鬣蜥身上有許多寄生蟲。 

※ 本文與 行政院農業委員會 林務局   合作刊登

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環境資訊中心外電；姜唯 翻譯；林大利 審校；稿源：ENS

日本內閣官房長官菅義偉在2018年最後一週發表書面聲明，宣布日本政府決定退出國際捕鯨委員會（IWC），以在其領海和專屬經濟區內恢復商業捕鯨活動。

如果一切按計劃進行，日本在IWC的65年會員資格將於2019年6月30日結束，日本可在2019年7月1日之後的任何時間在自家水域商業捕鯨。

南極格林威治島（Greenwich Island）洋基灣（Yankee Harbor）外海目擊抹香鯨。圖片來源：Outward_bound（CC BY-NC-ND 2.0）

稱「海盜捕鯨國」  IWC嚴厲譴責日方退出

日本此舉是否會能幫助鯨族群從幾個世紀的商業捕鯨中恢復，保育人士抱持不同意見。

「如果日本繼續這個計畫，它將成為第一個不顧IWC職權，從事商業捕鯨的海盜捕鯨國，」IWC觀察員、智利非營利組織鯨豚保育中心（Centro de Conservacion Cetacea」的執行主任卡布雷拉（Elsa Cabrera）警告。

卡布雷拉說，不該允許日本這麼做。她說：「日本必須為此付出極高代價，才能阻止其他國家效仿這種蔑視國際法規則的行為。」

世界鯨肉主要市場  日本人平均年食用約5000噸

IWC由89個成員國政府組成，成立於1946年，旨在保護鯨和管理世界各地的捕鯨活動。1986年IWC禁止商業捕鯨。

根據禁令，以科學為目的捕鯨是可以豁免的。而日本被指控使用該豁免掩護商業捕鯨。捕鯨者提供鯨魚的身體部位給研究人員，並將鯨肉賣到市場供人食用。

雖然日本是全世界鯨肉的主要市場，但消費量有限。根據非營利組織動物福利研究所（Animal Welfare Institute）和監測國際野生生物犯罪的環境調查機構（Environmental Investigation Agency）的報告，日本人平均每人每年僅吃一盎司，整體每年平均吃4000至5000噸。

南冰洋鯨魚保護區最後一捕  日本滿載歸國

日本本州島西端的城市下關，3月下旬慶祝捕鯨船隊返航。工作船（factory ship）日新丸號（Nisshin Maru）裝滿了333隻南極小鬚鯨的肉。

菅義偉國務卿宣布日本退出IWC時，捕鯨船已經出海了，所以上一季是日本捕鯨船在南冰洋鯨魚保護區的最後一個捕鯨季節。

IWC禁止南冰洋鯨魚保護區內所有類型的商業捕鯨活動。多年來，國際非營利組織海洋牧者（Sea Shepherd）在該保護區對抗日本捕鯨船。2002年日本開始在南極水域探查，並在2005年至2017年從事捕鯨活動。

這段期間，在海洋牧者的干擾之下，超過6000隻鯨魚逃過日本商業捕鯨船的魚叉。

2017年，日本政府開始投入數百萬美元反制海洋牧者的安全工作，包括軍用級即時監控設備。雖然這讓海洋牧者在2018年都無法進入南冰洋，但也迫使日本在安全方面投入了大量資源，提高了成本。

Sea Shepherd船隊攔截到日本捕鯨船正要將捕獲的鯨魚轉運至工作船日新丸號（Nisshin Maru）上。圖片來源：guano（CC BY-SA 2.0）

南半球捕鯨告終  重點戰場轉向北半球

海洋牧者創辦人華森（Paul Watson）上尉說：「我們很高興南冰洋鯨保護區捕鯨活動結束。我們很快就會有南大西洋鯨魚保護區，我們將繼續對抗挪威、日本和冰島這三個僅剩的海盜捕鯨國。「合法捕鯨已經結束，剩下的工作就是掃除海盜。」

華森指出，日本退出IWC後，IWC內有關南大西洋鯨魚保護區的提案隨即成功在望，有效終結南半球捕鯨活動。

「南冰洋的捕鯨戰爭將很快就要結束，現在的重點要放在北半球。」華森說。

動物福利研究所表示，樂見日本停止在南極從事高補貼的商業補鯨活動，南極許多鯨類已經被商業開發影響超過一個世紀。「我們希望菅義偉表示將遵守國際法的意思是，承認在北太平洋公海捕塞鯨是違反華盛頓的行為，並將停止這麼做。」

菅義偉宣布日本「將停止在南半球和南冰洋捕鯨，並將只在日本自家專屬和經濟海域捕鯨」，但沒有明確說出數量和物種。

Japan Restricts Its Whalers to Japanese Waters TOKYO, Japan, April 7, 2019 (ENS)

Japan’s Chief Cabinet Secretary, Yoshihide Suga, issued a written statement in the last week of 2018 announcing the government’s decision to withdraw from the International Whaling Commission, IWC, in order “to resume commercial whaling” within its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone up to 200 miles offshore.

If all goes according to plan, Japan’s 65-year membership in the IWC will end on June 30, and Japan has given itself permission to resume commercial whaling operations in its own waters anytime after July 1, 2019.

Whale conservationists differ on whether the Japanese move will help whales recover from centuries of commercial whaling or not.

“If Japan continues with its plan, it will become the first pirate whaling nation that kills whales for commercial purposes outside the competence of the IWC,” warns Elsa Cabrera, executive director of the Chilean nonprofit Centro de Conservacion Cetacea, accredited observer to the IWC since 2001.

Cabrera says Japan should not be allowed to get away with the move. “The costs associated to this conduct should be high enough to discourage Japan as well as to prevent other countries from following this alarming example of contempt to the rules of international law,” she said.

The International Whaling Commission, with 89 member governments, was established in 1946 to conserve whales and manage whaling around the world. It imposed a ban on commercial whaling in 1986.

Under the ban, whaling for scientific purposes is exempt. Japan has been accused of using that exemption as a cover for commercial whaling. Whalers would supply some whale body parts to researchers and sell whale meat to markets for human consumption.

Although Japan is the world’s main market for whale meat, consumption there is limited. Japanese people eat an average of about an ounce per person per year, or a total of between 4,000 and 5,000 tons annually, according to a report by the Animal Welfare Institute, a nonprofit that seeks to ease animal suffering, and the nonprofit Environmental Investigation Agency, which monitors international wildlife crime.

Shimonoseki, on the western tip of Japan’s main island of Honshu, celebrated the return of the whaling fleet late in March. The factory ship, Nisshin Maru, was loaded with the meat from 333 Antarctic minke whales.

The whalers were already out at sea when Secretary Suga announced Japan’s withdrawal from the IWC, so this past season is supposed to be the last that Japanese whalers hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, where the International Whaling Commission has banned all types of commercial whaling.

For years, the international nonprofit organization Sea Shepherd has fought Japanese whaling operations in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, with expeditions to Antarctic waters from the first one in 2002, followed by continuous campaigns from 2005 until 2017.

During this period, due to Sea Shepherd interventions over 6,000 whales were saved from the harpoons of Japanese commercial whalers posing as research whalers.

In 2017, the Japanese government began to invest millions of dollars in security efforts to prevent Sea Shepherd from engaging their fleets. These security measures included military grade, real-time surveillance.

Although this prevented Sea Shepherd ships from returning to the Southern Ocean in 2018, it also placed Japan in the position of expending huge resources on continuous security. The cost to Japan of preventing Sea Shepherd intervention became very expensive.

With Japan’s announcement, Sea Shepherd says the group’s objective of ending the slaughter of whales in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary has been realized. “This is a victory for the campaign to make the Southern Ocean a whaling free zone,” the group said in a statement.

Sea Shepherd founder Captain Paul Watson said, “We are delighted to see the end of whaling in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. We are delighted that we will soon have a South Atlantic Whale Sanctuary and we look forward to continuing to oppose the three remaining pirate whaling nations of Norway, Japan and Iceland. Whaling as a ‘legal’ industry has ended. All that remains is to mop up the pirates.”

When Japan actually withdraws from the International Whaling Commission Watson points out that it will allow the IWC to pass the motion to establish the South Atlantic Whale Sanctuary, effectively ending whaling in the Southern Hemisphere.

“The whale wars in the Southern Ocean will soon be over,” said Watson. “The focus now must be the Northern Hemisphere.”

The Animal Welfare Institute also welcomes Japan permanently ending this heavily subsidized industrial-scale whaling in Antarctica, where many species of whales have endured more than a century of almost nonstop commercial exploitation.

“We hope that Secretary Suga’s statement that Japan’s “whaling will be conducted in accordance with international law” signals Japan’s acceptance that its landing of sei whales taken on the high seas of the North Pacific violates the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and that this hunt will also end.

Secretary Suga announced that Japan will “cease the take of whales in the Antarctic Ocean/the Southern Hemisphere” and “will conduct commercial whaling within Japan’s territorial sea and its exclusive economic zone,” but it does not specify the number of whales or species to be taken.

※ 全文及圖片詳見：

作者

如果有一件事是重要的，如果能為孩子實現一個願望，那就是人類與大自然和諧共存。

於特有生物研究保育中心服務，小鳥和棲地是主要的研究對象。是龜毛的讀者，認為龜毛是探索世界的美德。

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環境資訊中心外電；姜唯 翻譯；林大利 審校；稿源：ENS

一篇發表在發現，氣候暖化對大堡礁造成的破壞已經損害了珊瑚自我恢復的能力。

這項獨特的研究沿著大堡礁全長測量存活的成年珊瑚數量，以及2018年回補的新珊瑚數量。與大規模珊瑚白化前的水準相比，成年珊瑚減少導致整體珊瑚數量下降。

2016-2017年大規模白化事件後，科學家在大堡礁放置15處陶磚，研究珊瑚復原狀況。圖片來源：ARC CoE for Coral Reef Stdies/ Gergely Torda

「繼2016年和2017年全球暖化造成前所未有的成年珊瑚減損後，大堡礁的新珊瑚數量下降了89％。」研究主要作者、詹姆斯庫克大學ARC珊瑚礁研究卓越中心主任休斯（Terry Hughes）教授說。

大堡礁在1998年、2002年以及2016年和2017年經歷了四次大規模白化。科學家們預測，隨著全球暖化加劇，珊瑚白化事件之間的間距將繼續縮小。

「每年產出的珊瑚幼蟲數量，以及牠們定居珊瑚礁之前活動的地點，都跟大堡礁恢復力息息相關。我們的研究顯示，珊瑚礁的恢復能力現在嚴重受到全球暖化影響。」共同作者貝爾德（Andrew Baird）教授說。

「回補量降幅最大，與前幾年相比下降了93％，發生在優勢種鹿角珊瑚（Acropora）。成年珊瑚是數千種物種的棲息地。」他說。

「幼年珊瑚的比例已經發生變化，這將影響未來成年珊瑚的比例，因為在接下來的十年或更長時間內，恢復速度將變慢。」貝爾德說。

「珊瑚添入量的減少與大堡礁不同地區珊瑚成體的死亡率相關。失去珊瑚最多的地方，新增個體量的下降幅度最大。」

「假設未來十年內不發生另一次大規模白化，珊瑚的添入會逐漸恢復，因為存活的珊瑚會增長，會有更多的珊瑚達到性成熟。」

「但未來十年肯定會發生第五或第六次大規模白化的，」共同作者普拉切特（ Morgan Pratchett）教授說，「我們曾經以為大堡礁這麼大，韌性很夠，現在不這麼想了。」

「例如，當大堡礁有部分被颶風破壞時，周圍的珊瑚礁可幫助回補幼蟲。但是現在，2016年和2017年極端高溫造成的破壞範圍接近1500公里，遠遠大於颶風路徑。」

普拉切特教授說，逃過白化的南部珊瑚礁狀況仍然很好，但距離太遠，無法幫忙北部珊瑚礁。

「只有一種方法可以解決這個問題，就是盡快將淨溫室氣體排放減少到零，解決全球暖化的根本原因。」

有些陶磚上出現珊瑚藻覆蓋，狀況良好。圖片來源：ARC CoE for Coral Reef Stdies/ Gergely Torda

大堡礁面對的問題還不只這樣。最近昆士蘭州北部的洪水以及大堡礁上大量污水外排使人們開始關注水質對珊瑚礁健康的影響。

但ARC卓越中心的新研究顯示，光是水質得到改善這一點還不足以拯救大堡礁。

發生洪水的昆士蘭河流已讓數百萬公升污水流入珊瑚礁，但直到現在，這起事件對珊瑚礁和海洋生物的影響仍難以評估。

ARC卓越中心、阿德萊德大學和加拿大達爾豪斯大學的研究人員利用先進的衛星成像結合20多年來珊瑚礁監測的資料發現，長期暴露於較差水質限制了大堡礁的回復率。

「我們發現影響大堡礁最主要的污染形式是徑流污染，這大大降低了珊瑚對多種干擾的抵禦能力，特別是在近海地區。」主要作者達爾豪斯大學的麥克尼爾（Aaron MacNeil）博士說。

麥克尼爾表示，水質差導致珊瑚從干擾中恢復的速度降低了25％，他認為改善水質可以提高珊瑚礁的恢復率。

然而水質的影響有限。透過一系列模擬未來氣候變遷和珊瑚白化的可能性，研究小組發現，不管水質變得多好，都無法維持當前最具旅遊觀賞價值的外層珊瑚礁覆蓋水準。

「研究結果顯示，解決大堡礁面臨的威脅沒有靈丹妙藥，」麥克尼爾博士說。

「雖然減少河川徑流污染對珊瑚礁有廣泛的正面影響，應繼續獲得支持。但對於不受水質影響的珊瑚礁區域，我們的重點仍需放在減少碳排放，減緩氣候變遷，」他說。

「我們必須給珊瑚礁恢復的時間和條件，」麥克尼爾說，「否則珊瑚礁美景很快就會消失，從目前的形態變得難以辨識。」

若碳排放沒有減少，溫室氣體珊瑚礁美景很快就會消失。圖片來源：Paul Asman and Jill Lenoble（CC BY 2.0）

Climate Change Disrupts Recovery of Great Barrier Reef TOWNSVILLE, Queensland, Australia, April 13, 2019 (ENS)

The damage caused to the Great Barrier Reef by the warming climate has compromised the capacity of its corals to recover, finds new research published earlier this month in the journal “Nature.”

The unique study measured how many adult corals survived along the length of the world’s largest reef system following extreme heat stress, and how many new corals they produced to replenish the Great Barrier Reef in 2018.

The loss of adults resulted in a crash in coral replenishment compared to levels measured in the years before mass coral bleaching.

“The number of new corals settling on the Great Barrier Reef declined by 89 percent following the unprecedented loss of adult corals from global warming in 2016 and 2017.” said lead author Professor Terry Hughes, director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University.

To date, the Great Barrier Reef has experienced four mass bleaching events due to global warming, in 1998, 2002, and back-to-back in 2016 and 2017. Scientists predict that the gap between pairs of coral bleaching events will continue to shrink as global warming intensifies.

“The number of coral larvae that are produced each year, and where they travel to before settling on a reef, are vital components of the resilience of the Great Barrier Reef. Our study shows that reef resilience is now severely compromised by global warming,” said co-author Professor Andrew Baird.

“The biggest decline in replenishment, a 93 percent drop compared to previous years, occurred in the dominant branching and table coral, Acropora. As adults these corals provide most of the three-dimensional coral habitat that support thousands of other species,” he said.

“The mix of baby coral species has shifted, and that in turn will affect the future mix of adults, as a slower than normal recovery unfolds over the next decade or longer,” said Baird.

“The decline in coral recruitment matches the extent of mortality of the adult broodstock in different parts of the Reef,” said Hughes. “Areas that lost the most corals had the greatest declines in replenishment.”

“We expect coral recruitment will gradually recover over the next five to 10 years, as surviving corals grow and more of them reach sexual maturity, assuming of course that we don’t see another mass bleaching event in the coming decade,” he said.

“It’s highly unlikely that we could escape a fifth or sixth event in the coming decade,” said co-author Professor Morgan Pratchett. “We used to think that the Great Barrier Reef was too big to fail – until now.”

“For example, when one part was damaged by a cyclone, the surrounding reefs provided the larvae for recovery. But now, the scale of severe damage from heat extremes in 2016 and 2017 was nearly 1,500 kilometers, vastly larger than a cyclone track.”

Professor Pratchett said the southern reefs that escaped the bleaching are still in very good condition, but they are too far away to replenish reefs further north.

“There’s only one way to fix this problem,” says Hughes, “and that’s to tackle the root cause of global heating by reducing net greenhouse gas emissions to zero as quickly as possible.”

Flooding Dumps Contaminated Water on the Reef

The world’s largest reef faces other issues, too. Recent north Queensland flooding and the mass outflows of polluted water onto the Great Barrier Reef have focused attention on the impact of water quality on the reef’s health.

But new research from the ARC Centre of Excellence reveals that even if water quality is improved, that alone won’t be enough to save the Great Barrier Reef.

Flooded Queensland rivers have dumped millions of liters of polluted water onto the reef, but until now the impact of these events on reef corals and marine life has been tough to assess.

Using a combination of advanced satellite imaging and over 20 years of coral monitoring across the reef, a team of researchers from ARC Centre of Excellence, the University of Adelaide, and Canada’s Dalhousie University has found that chronic exposure to poor water quality is limiting the recovery rates of corals across wide swathes of the Great Barrier Reef.

“We found the Great Barrier Reef is an ecosystem dominated by runoff pollution, which has greatly reduced the resilience of corals to multiple disturbances, particularly among inshore areas,” said lead author Dr. Aaron MacNeil of Dalhousie University.

Poor water quality reduced the rates at which corals recover after disturbances by up to 25 percent, said MacNeil, who believes that by improving water quality, the rates of reef recovery can be enhanced.

Yet the effects of water quality only go so far. Using a series of scenarios modeling future changes in climate and the likelihood of coral bleaching, the team found that no level of water quality improvement was able to maintain current levels of coral cover among the most scenic and valuable outer-shelf reefs that sustain much of the reef tourism industry.

“What these results emphasize is that there is no silver bullet for addressing the threats facing the Great Barrier Reef,” said Dr. MacNeil.

“Clearly reducing pollution in river runoff can have widespread, beneficial effects on reef corals and should continue to be supported. But for areas of the reef not impacted by water quality, our emphasis must be on mitigating carbon emissions to slow down climate change,” he said.

“We must give our reefs the time and conditions to recover,” MacNeil said. “Without that, the most stunning and iconic parts of the reef will soon decline and be unrecognizable from their current form.”

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